Introduction

 The neural tube is the structure from which the vertebrate nervous system forms. It is specified in the dorsal half of the embryo by external signals from the ectoderm (an embryonic germ layer). External signals continue to play a vital role in the formation and patterning of the neural tube throughout development and can even induce secondary organising centres to develop in the neural tube itself.

 Neural tube defects affect 1-2 every 1000 births and have both a wide range of phenotypic consequences and varying severity. Though treatment is limited preventative mechanisms exist that can reduce the likelihood of these defects occurring during pregnancy. It is vital that any couple hoping to conceive are fully aware of the risk factors involved in the failure of the neural tube to close. 

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